Italian Helper Verbs Potere, Volere, Dovere

The helping or modal verbs, volere (to want), dovere (to have to), and potere (to be able to), appropriately called in Italian verbi servili, or servile verbs, enable the expression of the action of other verbs in the light of our wish, intention, or determination; duty, necessity, or obligation; possibility, ability, or power. I want to dance. Voglio ballare.I must dance. Devo ballare. I can dance! Posso ballare! English Tense Complications In Italian, the intent or purpose of the modal verbs changes implicitly within the one-word verb conjugation—two words max with the auxiliary in compound tenses—like all verbs in Italian. They are variations on the same word: devo, dovevo, dovrà ², dovrei, avrei dovuto; posso, potevo, potrà ², potrei, avrei potuto; voglio, volevo, vorrà ², vorrei, avrei voluto. The English counterpart modal verbs, however, express explicitly in different ways in different tenses. So, you have must, had to, will have to, ought to, should have, and supposed to. You have can, may or am able to, and could. This makes the English modals a bit tricky compared to the simplicity of the Italian (depending on how you look at it), but the meanings and uses are the same: One must simply learn which is which. Below is a simple table of the English renditions of volere, potere, and dovere in the various tenses coupled with the verb capire (to understand), in the first person singular, I. Volere Potere Dovere IndicativoPresente I want to understand. I can/am able to understand. I must/have to understand. IndicativoImperfetto I wanted to understand. I could understand/could have understood. I had to understand/was supposed to understand. IndicativoPassato Pross I wanted to understand/insisted on understanding. I was able to understand. I had to understand/needed to understand/have had to understand. IndicativoPassato Rem I wanted to understand/insisted on understanding. I was able to understand. I had to understand/was forced to understand. IndicativoTrpas Pros I had wanted to understand. I had been able to understand. I had had to understand. IndicativoTrpas Rem I had wanted to understand. I had been able to understand. I had had to understand. IndicativoFuturo Sem I will want to understand. I will be able to understand. I will have to understand. IndicativoFuturo Ant I will have wanted to understand. I will have been able to understand. I will have had to understand. Congiuntivo Presente I want to understand. I am able/can understand. I must/have to understand. Congiuntivo Passato I wanted to understand. I was able to understand. I had to/have had to understand. Congiuntivo Imperfetto I wanted to understand. I could/would be able to understand. I had to understand. Congiuntivo Trapassato I had wanted to understand. I had been able to understand. I had had to understand. Condizionale Presente I want/would want/would like to understand. I could/would be able to understand. I should/should have to/ought to understand. Condizionale Passato I would have wanted to understand. I would have been able to understand/could have understood. I should have/ought to have understood. Tense Subtleties It merits perusing each of the modals volere, dovere, and potere singularly to understand each verb better in its uses. But they share many common traits. In the passato prossimo, for example, volere means you wanted to do something—carried out your will to do it—and, indeed, you did it (in fact, the English wanted is a bit soft for the sense of the passato prossimo ho voluto). Same with dovere and potere: you had to or were able to do something and you did it. Ho voluto mangiare la pizza. I wanted to eat a pizza (and I did).Ho dovuto visitare la nonna. I had to/was obliged to visit grandma (and I did).Ho potuto parlare con Giorgio. I was able to talk with Giorgio (and I did). In the negative, if you say, Non mi ha voluto vedere (he/she didnt want to see me), it means that he or she did not see you. If you say, Non ho dovuto dare lesame (I didnt have to take the exam), it means you didnt have to (and, in Italian, we can assume you didnt, though in the English it is not equally clear-cut). With potere, if you say, Non sono potuto andare, it means you were not able to go and you did not. The imperfetto, on the other hand, is the tense used with modal verbs for an action of imperfect arc (which wanting or being able to usually are) whose outcome, without some clarification, is not certain. In fact, sometimes one can imply that the outcome was not as expected. Volevano venire. They wanted to come (and its unclear if they did).Potevano venire. They could/were able to/could have come (and its implied that they didnt). More information can be given to clarify the meaning, still with the imperfetto, but sometimes a tense change is needed: Potevano venire ma non sono venuti. They could come but they didnt.Sarebbero potuti venire ma non sono venuti. They could have come but they didnt. With dovere, the imperfetto can be expressed with the English was supposed to, depending on the outcome. Lo dovevo vedere ieri. I was supposed to see him yesterday (and its assumed that I did not). With dovere in the negative, if you say, Non dovevo vederlo ieri, it means that you were not expected to see him yesterday, but you might have. We would know more from the context. Again, in English, you would differentiate with supposed to. If you say, Non dovevo dare lesame (I didnt have to take the exam, same translation in English as the passato prossimo), it means you were not obliged to or supposed to or expected to take the exam (but you might have taken it anyway). Transitive or Intransitive Because modal verbs serve other verbs, in Italian, in their compound tenses, they take on the auxiliary demanded by the verb they are helping. For example, if a modal verb is helping a transitive verb such as leggere (to read), the modal verb takes avere in the compound tenses: A scuola ieri Lina non ha voluto leggere. Yesterday at school Lina did not want to read (and did not).Ieri ho dovuto leggere un libro intero per il mio esame. Yesterday I had to read a whole book for my exam.Ieri non ho potuto leggere il giornale perchà © non ho avuto tempo. Yesterday I was not able to read the paper because I didnt have time. If the modal verb is helping an intransitive verb that takes essere or a verb of movement that takes essere, for example, it takes essere (remember the agreement of the past participle with verbs with essere). Lucia non à ¨ voluta partire ieri. Lucia did not want to leave yesterday (and she didnt).Franco à ¨ dovuto partire ieri. Franco had to leave yesterday.Io non sono potuta partire perchà © ho perso il treno. I was not able to leave because I missed my train. And, with an intransitive verb that takes avere: Marco ha voluto cenare presto. Marco wanted to have dinner early (and he did).Avremmo dovuto cenare prima. We should have had dinner earlier.Non abbiamo potuto cenare prima. We were not able to have dinner earlier. Remember your ground rules for  determining the right auxiliary for your main verb; sometimes it is a case-by-case choice, depending on the use of the verb at that moment. Ho dovuto vestire i bambini.  I had to dress the children (transitive,  avere).Mi sono dovuta vestire.  I had to get dressed (reflexive,  essere). Or, for example, with the verb crescere (to grow or grow up), which can be intransitive or intransitive: Avresti voluto crescere i tuoi figli in campagna. You would have liked to have raised your children in the country (transitive, avere).Saresti dovuta crescere in campagna. You should have grown up in the country (intransitive, essere). The Odd Auxiliary There are two exceptions or exemptions from the above rule about auxiliary agreement of the modal verb: Followed by Essere If a modal verb is followed by essere—volere essere, potere essere, or dovere essere—in the compound tenses it wants avere as its auxiliary (though esseres auxiliary is essere). Avrei voluto essere pià ¹ gentile. I wished I had been kinder.Non ha potuto essere qui. He was not able to be here.Credo che abbia dovuto essere molto paziente. I think he had to be/was forced to be very patient. Reflexive Pronoun Position Also, when a modal verb accompanies a reflexive or reciprocal verb, you use the auxiliary essere if the reflexive pronoun precedes the verbs, but avere if the pronoun attaches to the infinitive that the modal is supporting. Mi sono dovuta sedere, or, ho dovuto sedermi. I had to sit.Mi sarei voluta riposare, or, avrei voluto riposarmi. I would have liked to rest.Pensava che ci fossimo voluti incontrare qui, or, pensava che avessimo voluto incontrarci qui. She thought that we had wanted to meet here. If this confuses you, just make a rule of putting the pronoun ahead of the verb and keeping your auxiliary essere. Pronouns Which brings us to pronouns—direct object, indirect object, and combined double object—and modal verbs. Modal verbs let pronouns be free to move about pretty loosely: They can come before either verb or attach to the infinitive. Gli ho dovuto dare il libro, or, ho dovuto dargli il libro. I had to give him the book.Non gli ho potuto parlare, or, non ho potuto parlargli. I was not able to speak with him,Glielo ho voluto dare, or, ho voluto darglielo. I had to give it to him,Gli posso dare il gelato? or, posso dargli il gelato? Can I give him the ice cream? With double modal verbs, there is even more freedom, both with single and double pronouns: Lo devo poter fare, or, devo poterlo fare, or, devo poter farlo. I need to/must be able to do it.Non lo voglio dover incontrare, or, non voglio doverlo incontrare, or, non voglio dovere incontrarlo. I dont want to have to meet him.Glielo potrei volere dare, or, potrei volerglielo dare, or potrei volere darglielo. I might want to give it to her. If you want to play with it a little, just start by putting the pronoun at the top of the sentence and moving it down from verb to verb. If your head is spinning... vi potete sedere, or potete sedervi! Buono studio!

HEALTH ECONOMICS AND PRIVATE HEALTH INSURANCE Example

Essays on HEALTH ECONOMICS AND PRIVATE HEALTH INSURANCE Essay Health Economics and Private Health Insurance Provision of health care services is one of the major responsibilities ofany government to its citizens. Over the years, the health sector in the United States (US) has received great attention with noticeable efforts to improve quality of health care services. Improvements have not only targeted personnel skills but also making sure that health services are readily available to all citizens. This has prompted increased focus on insurance marking major advancements such as increased concentration on private insurance. However, in the course of these advancements in the quality of health care services, there have been a number of seemingly new problems mainly in relation to health economics. 1. The US economic share devoted to health has been on a constant rise over the years as quality of health services improves. i. Only about 4% of US gross domestic product (GDP) was spent on health care in the 1950s making health care expenditure relatively smaller than other daily spending such as fuel. ii. Expenditure on health care has however increased over time with statistics revealing that expenditure levels in 2010 were at 17.9% of US GDP making an average spending of $7538 for each woman, man, and child. iii. Research shows that a steady continuation with this trend will put health care expenditure at about 38% of US GDP in 2075 making it the highest expenditure than a combination of all everyday spending such as food and housing among others. 2. Increasing expenditure on health services has heavily contributed to the general imbalance of medical outcomes. i. As a result of the disparities in medical outcomes, quality of health care services has deteriorated significantly in some segments of the population. ii. In 2008 white infant mortality rate was at 0.6% which is a major improvements from the previous years and parallel to other developed countries such as Australia. iii. Conversely, black infant mortality rate was at 1.3 % which is evidently higher compared to white infant mortality rate and below the general status in other developed nations. 3. The US government can also be arguably considered to have partially failed in ensuring that all citizens have access to basic health services through health insurance covers. i. Access to health services is mainly improved by providing health insurance to citizens thereby eliminating financial barriers. ii. There has been a steady growth in the number of people lacking health insurance over the years with recent studies showing that approximately a sixth of the entire US population does not have health insurance. 4. Recent years have seen increased government expenditure towards the health sector amid rising health costs in the US. i. Contrary to expectations of many people, the US government accounts for almost half of the total health spending. ii. Approximately a quarter of federal government’s budget and a fifth of state and local government’s budget goes to cater for health expenses. iii. This increased spending can be attributed to rising costs of health care services and rising dependency rates that are implications of the rapidly growth of an aging population. 5. To mitigate the rising costs of health care services, a relatively high percentage of the population has shifted to taking health insurance covers with greater focus on private insurance. i. In 2010 approximately 64% of the US population had private insurance, which constitutes to about 74% of people with insurance. ii. The main source of private insurance is however employer provided health insurance with only 13% of people with private insurance having purchased it individually. iii. However, employer provided health insurance is seemingly expensive due to incorporation of employer’s premiums payments for the insurance. iv. In 2011 employees paid about 16% of costs of singles coverage and 27% of costs of family coverage, which is somewhat expensive consequently discouraging some employees’ involvement in employer health insurance. Conclusively, the health sector plays a highly important role in people’s and the general development of a country. Over, the years there have been numerous improvements in the health sectors marking improved service delivery. However, with improved quality of health services provided comes some challenges that are mainly economic in nature. US’s expenditure in the health sector has been on a constant rise over the years posing challenges for the government’s expenditure plans. Concentration on insurance, especially private insurance, has also been a major step in the health sector with employers being the main source of private insurance. Works Cited Chapter 15. Health Insurance I: Health Economics and Private Health Insurance. 2011.

Essay on American Ideals free essay sample

For every American, there is an endless array of different factors, often spanning over decades and centuries, which have each uniquely contributed to how he or she has ended up living in America. The stories that account for how each American has ended up in America are filled with a vast diversity of different events and people, but nearly all of these stories involve the common aspect- the opportunity to start a new life in America. Most people’s journeys to America begin long before they are born, originating in the lives of their predecessors, who voyaged across the sea to America, the country of new beginnings. During the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, multitudes of foreigners in seek of escaping the troubles of their current lives decided to sail to America for a fresh start. The influx of overseas immigrants from various European countries turned the population into a medley of nationally diverse peoples that over time gently simmered into the cliche ‘melting pot’. The final result is the tremendously diverse American populace present today, in which many people have extensively broad and complex family trees, with ancestors of many different nationalities. My journey to America began with my Italian ancestors from Naples, Italy on my Mother’s side, and my mostly Irish relatives from my Dad’s side. Both sides of the family came to America at around the advent of the twentieth century, a time in which both Italy and Ireland were going through their own political and social strife. Italy during that time was in the wake of having different factions within the country against each other and the resulting Italian Unification. Tension was mounting, and in a number of years, Italy was to be ruled by the Fascist tyrant, Benito Mussolini. My great grandmother and grandfather living in Italy at the time, both humble shoemakers, were not economically well off and most likely were fraught with the tensions of their daily lives. They may have had scarce food, questionable safety, and an uncertain future. Life was not easy for them, but America offered a purported escape from troubles and haven for freedom. In the end, the combined factors the political conflicts transpiring in the country and their dearth of wealth and opportunity made them want to move to the New World to reinvent themselves, which is part of the direct reason I have been born in America. My father’s side of the family came from sundry parts of Europe, and my great great grandmother and grandfather came separately to America. My great great grandmother lived in Austria, where at he time social and political trends were gradually fomenting the collapse of the Hapsburg monarchy. The onset of World War I finally triggered its collapse, which left Austria precariously idling without a form of government. First Austrian Republic was the first succession state that attempted to rebound the country against the current civil crises and smoldering civil war. Life in Austria was starved of carefree pleasures and filled with mounting anxiety. These factors, similar in manner to those of my father’s ancestors, became the impetus for my great great grandmother’s expedition to America.

Teen suicide 2 Essay Example For Students

Teen suicide 2 Essay Teen Suicide A teenager stands in the middle of a dry and desolate paddock with what is left of his fathers once magnificent flock of sheep. He holds the rifle used to execute the remaining sheep. He thinks of all the pressure on his family and the constant teasing at school. He raises the gun and without thinking fires. When his father finds the young mans body later that day, he is horrified. The farmer thinks to himself, why didnt I know this was how he felt and why did he kill himself? The deep depression felt by teenagers who often take their own life is a worrying trend in both rural and urban youth. For years suicide has been a deadly killer to teenagers. Teen Suicide is the third leading cause of death for teenagers next to accidents and crime. Over 25% of adolescents think of ending their lives. Most recently, teen suicide has got the respect that it deserves. Over 5,000 teenagers will die this year because of the thought that there is no way out of their problems. We will write a custom essay on Teen suicide 2 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In 1960, only 1,500 adolescents took there life. Because of this dramatic increase scientists have spent many years thinking of ways to prevent this horrible, gruesome death. Despite this increased suicide rate, depression in this age group is greatly under-diagnosed. Anyone can be a victim of teen suicide, whether it be the star quarterback or the class brain. Young males are five times more likely to take than life than females. The leading ways for female teenager to commit suicide is drug overdose or slitting of the wrists. Males, on the other hand, use the hanging or jumping method. The use of fire arms are equal among the genders. Many people believe that depression is directly associated with teen suicide. Depression is a serious mental disorder in which a person suffers long periods of sadness and other negative feelings. Therefore it comes to no surprise to discover that adolescent depression is strongly linked to teen suicide. Brown (1996) has said the reason why depression is often over looked in children and adolescents is because children are not always able to express how they feel. Sometimes the symptoms of mood disorders take on different forms in children than in adults. Adolescence is a time of emotional turmoil, mood swings, gloomy thoughts, and heightened sensitivity. It is a time of rebellion and experimentation. Blackman (1996) observed that the challenge is to identify depressive symptomatology which may be superimposed on the backdrop of a more transient, but expected, developmental storm. Shaun Lukes, a researcher into youth suicide, sites daydreaming, acting as the class clown, hyperactivity and the sudden dislike of school and/or a dramatic fall in school performance as pointers to potential suicidal behaviour. The main risk factors in suicide attempts are heavy alcohol consumption; depression; Aboriginality; previous attempted suicide attempts; significant fall out in a relationship in recent months (a very high risk factor). These factors can be recognized and acted upon, either with counseling from the family doctor or by access to one of the many help lines run by specialist support groups. With support from family and professional treatment, children and teenagers who are suicidal can heal and return to a more healthy path of development. Showing them that their life is of value to you may be all they need to prevent them becoming a statistic in the saga of escalating youth suicide. .